PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN BODY

MODIFIED CHANGES IN PREGNANCY

During pregnancy, there are various changes in the body in almost every organ and system.

Because of the weight of both the baby and the baby and the appendages of the baby, the mother gets weight due to the increase of the fat, the increase of the blood volume and the enlargement in the breast.

- Pregnancy increases water retention in the mother's body.
- Blood volume increases. There is a volume increase of about 1500 ml, which consists of 1200 ml plasma and 300 ml erythrocytes. As the plasma increases, dilutional anemia occurs. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values ​​are reduced.
- In pregnancy, triglycerides and total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL and free fatty acids increase.
- The iron needs are increasing and can not be met with nutrients, additional iron pills are required.
- Normally, a woman's blood volume, which is 3.5 liters, increases by about 5 liters.
- In pregnancy, the white blood cell (leukocyte) increases. Leukocyte increase is due to neutrophil, lymphocytes do not change.
- The platelet level is reduced.
- Sedimentation rate and acute phase reactors such as C-reactive protein rise. The parameter that is primarily responsible for the increased sedimentation is the increase in fibrinogen.
- In pregnancy the immune system (humoral and cellular immunity) is suppressed, ie suppressed.
- In pregnancy, the tendency to coagulate coagulation increases.
- In pregnancy, the heart rate increases by 10 beats / min. The amount of blood pumped by the heart increases.
- Breast augmentation in pregnancy, diaphragm rise.
- A small amount of glucose (sugar) is excreted in the urine, which means that glycosuria is normal in pregnancy.
- Due to the pressure of the uterus and the effect of the progesterone hormone, it may cause enlargement in the urine (ureters).
- Daily urine output increases and frequent urination occurs.
- Gum hypertrophy (epulis) and bleeding may occur.
Hemorrhoids (hemorrhoids) may increase during pregnancy.
- The risk of developing gallstones increases.
- The slope of the lumbar region of the spine increases (lordoz).
- The pelvis (pelvic) joints come to relax.
- In pregnancy, the tidal volume increases and the residual volume decreases in the lungs.
Glomerular filtration rate increases.
- Plasma creatinine is reduced.
- Plasma urea is reduced.
- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increases physiologically.
- Plasma total protein and albumin decrease. Total globulin increases.
- Biliribin levels in maternal serum decrease during pregnancy, bile acids increase.
- Liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST) decrease in maternal serum during pregnancy.
- The intraocular pressure decreases during pregnancy. Corneal thickness may increase due to edema.
- Bicarbonate threshold decreases during pregnancy, blood level decreases (respiratory alcohol to compensate)
- Lipolytic activity in fat tissue increases in pregnancy
- Lipoprotein lipase activity in the liver decreases.
- Uterus size has a volume of 5 liters in the last month of your pregnancy. In the near future, the weight of the uterus reaches about 1000 gr.
- In pregnancy, blood pressure (especially diastolic pressure) falls in the first trimester, and it increases to pre-pregnancy level in the last few months. During birth, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures are elevated.
- In pregnancy, heart rate and cardiac output increase, even more during birth. The first and third heart sounds get harder. Systolic murmur may be normal in pregnancy, but diastolic murmur should always be considered pathologic.
- A slight left-hand axis deviation appears on the ECG.
- Kidney size increases slightly in pregnancy. Glomerular filtration rate increases. Urea, creatinine, uric acid levels in maternal serum decrease. Creatinine clearance increases.
- Daily urine volume increases.
- Ureter widen slightly (especially right)
- In pregnancy serum total calcium level decreases but free calcium level does not change. Calcium excretion increases with urine.
- In pregnancy, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) levels decrease in maternal plasma.
- Breathing rate does not change during pregnancy. The increase in diaphragm reduces total lung capacity and residual capacities. Minute ventilator volume increases. Lung compliance does not change, but total lung resistance decreases and airway conduction increases.
- In pregnancy, arterial pCO2 decreases slightly, compensatory respiratory alkalosis occurs. HCO3 (bicarbonate) decreases. Plasma pH increases slightly, alkaline.
- The hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve slides to the left for increased Kanda pH, increasing the oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin in the mother.
 - In pregnancy, acid secretion decreases and mucus secretion increases, which is why patients with peptic ulceration recover during pregnancy.
- Burning pyrosis (heartburn, pregnancy reflux) may come to the fore with the stomach contents coming back towards the neck.
- There is a slight growth in the pituitary gland during pregnancy.
- Total T3 and T4 increases in pregnancy, free T3 and free T4 invariant (thyroid hormones). TRH and TSH do not change. The T3 resin uptake is reduced.
- Increase cortisone hormone levels in pregnancy.
- Physiological hyperparathyroidism comes to the fore. Calcitonin and 1.25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 levels are also increased.
- Testosterone and androstenedione increase. DHEA-Sulfate